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    Kufotokozera kwa API 5L 46th Edition kwa Line Pipe Scope

    Kufotokozera kwa API 5L 46th Edition kwa Line Pipe Scope Chithunzi Chodziwika
    • Kufotokozera kwa API 5L 46th Edition kwa Line Pipe Scope

    Kufotokozera Kwachidule:

    Tafotokoza za kupanga magawo awiri azinthu (PSL1 ndi PSL2) za chitoliro chachitsulo chosasunthika komanso cholumikizidwa kuti chigwiritsidwe ntchito paipi ponyamula mafuta ndi gasi wachilengedwe. Kuti mugwiritse ntchito zinthu mu ntchito ya Sour onani Annex H ndipo kuti mugwiritse ntchito ntchito yakunja onani Annex J ya API5L 45th.


    Tsatanetsatane wa Zamalonda

    Ma tag a Zamalonda

    Mkhalidwe Wotumizira

    PSL Mkhalidwe Wotumizira Gulu la chitoliro
    PSL1 Pamene yazunguliridwa, yachibadwa, yokhazikika

    A
    Yozunguliridwa, yozungulira bwino, yozungulira bwino, yozungulira bwino, yozungulira bwino, yozungulira bwino, yozungulira bwino komanso yofewa kapena ngati ikugwirizana ndi Q&T SMLS yokha

    B
    Pamene yazunguliridwa, yosinthasintha, yozungulira thermomechanical, yopangidwa ndi thermo-mechanical, yosinthasintha, yokhazikika komanso yofewa X42, X46, X52, X56, X60, X65, X70
    PSL 2 Monga momwe zalembedwera

    BR, X42R
    Kusinthasintha kozungulira, kusinthasintha, kukhazikika kapena kukhazikika komanso kukhazikika BN, X42N, X46N, X52N, X56N, X60N
    Kuzimitsidwa ndi kutenthedwa BQ, X42Q, X46Q, X56Q, X60Q, X65Q, X70Q, X80Q, X90Q, X100Q
    Chopangidwa ndi thermomechanical chozunguliridwa kapena chopangidwa ndi thermomechanical BM, X42M, X46M, X56M, X60M, X65M, X70M, X80M
    Chozungulira cha Thermomechanical X90M, X100M, X120M
    Zokwanira (R, N, Q kapena M) za magiredi a PSL2, ndi za kalasi yachitsulo

    Zambiri Zokhudza Kuyitanitsa

    Dongosolo logulira liyenera kuphatikizapo kuchuluka, mulingo wa PSL, mtundu kapena Giredi, kutchula API5L, m'mimba mwake wakunja, makulidwe a khoma, kutalika ndi zowonjezera zilizonse kapena zofunikira zina zokhudzana ndi kapangidwe ka mankhwala, mawonekedwe a makina, chithandizo cha kutentha, mayeso owonjezera, njira yopangira, zokutira pamwamba kapena kumaliza.

    Njira Yodziwika Yopangira Zinthu

    Mtundu wa Chitoliro

    PSL 1

    PSL 2
    Giredi A Giredi B X42 mpaka X70 B mpaka X80 X80 mpaka X100
    SMLS

    ü

    ü

    ü

    ü

    ü
    LFW

    ü

    ü

    ü
    HFW

    ü

    ü

    ü

    ü
    LW

    ü
    SAWL

    ü

    ü

    ü

    ü

    ü
    SAWH

    ü

    ü

    ü

    ü

    ü
    SMLS - Yopanda msoko, yopanda chotchingira

    LFW - Chitoliro cholumikizidwa pafupipafupi, <70 kHz

    HFW - Chitoliro cholumikizidwa pafupipafupi kwambiri, >70 kHz

    SAWL - Kuwotcherera kokhala ndi arc yolumikizidwa ndi longitudinal

    SAWH - Kuwotcherera kwa helical pansi pa nthaka

    Zinthu Zoyambira

    Zitsulo, maluwa, ma billet, ma coil kapena mbale zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga chitoliro ziyenera kupangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zotsatirazi, mpweya woyambira, ng'anjo yamagetsi kapena malo otseguka ophikira pamodzi ndi njira yoyeretsera ladle. Pa PSL2, chitsulocho chiyenera kuphedwa ndikusungunuka malinga ndi machitidwe abwino a tirigu. Coil kapena mbale yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa chitoliro cha PSL2 siyenera kukhala ndi ma welds okonza.

    Kapangidwe ka Mankhwala a chitoliro cha PSL 1 chokhala ndi t ≤ 0.984″

    Kalasi yachitsulo

    Gawo la kulemera, % kutengera kutentha ndi kusanthula kwa zinthu a, g

    C

    b yapamwamba kwambiri

    Mn

    b yapamwamba kwambiri

    P

    kuchuluka

    S

    kuchuluka

    V

    kuchuluka

    Nb

    kuchuluka

    Ti

    kuchuluka

    Chitoliro Chosasokonekera

    A

    0.22

    0.90

    0.30

    0.30

    -

    -

    -

    B

    0.28

    1.20

    0.30

    0.30

    c,d

    c,d

    d

    X42

    0.28

    1.30

    0.30

    0.30

    d

    d

    d

    X46

    0.28

    1.40

    0.30

    0.30

    d

    d

    d

    X52

    0.28

    1.40

    0.30

    0.30

    d

    d

    d

    X56

    0.28

    1.40

    0.30

    0.30

    d

    d

    d

    X60

    0.28 e

    1.40 e

    0.30

    0.30

    f

    f

    f

    X65

    0.28 e

    1.40 e

    0.30

    0.30

    f

    f

    f

    X70

    0.28 e

    1.40 e

    0.30

    0.30

    f

    f

    f

    Chitoliro Chopangidwa ndi Welded

    A

    0.22

    0.90

    0.30

    0.30

    -

    -

    -

    B

    0.26

    1.2

    0.30

    0.30

    c,d

    c,d

    d

    X42

    0.26

    1.3

    0.30

    0.30

    d

    d

    d

    X46

    0.26

    1.4

    0.30

    0.30

    d

    d

    d

    X52

    0.26

    1.4

    0.30

    0.30

    d

    d

    d

    X56

    0.26

    1.4

    0.30

    0.30

    d

    d

    d

    X60

    0.26 e

    1.40 e

    0.30

    0.30

    f

    f

    f

    X65

    0.26 e

    1.45 e

    0.30

    0.30

    f

    f

    f

    X70

    0.26e

    1.65 e

    0.30

    0.30

    f

    f

    f
    1. Cu ≤ = 0,50% Ni; ≤ 0.50%; Cr ≤ 0,50%; ndi Mo ≤ 0.15%
    2. Pa kuchepetsa kulikonse kwa 0.01% pansi pa kuchuluka kwa kaboni komwe kwatchulidwa, ndi kuwonjezeka kwa 0.05% pamwamba pa kuchuluka kwa kaboni komwe kwatchulidwa kwa Mn ndikololedwa, mpaka kufika pa 1.65% pa magiredi ≥ B, koma ≤ = X52; mpaka kufika pa 1.75% pa magiredi > X52, koma < X70; ndipo mpaka kufika pa 2.00% pa X70.
    3. Pokhapokha ngati mwavomerezana mwanjira ina. Zindikirani + V ≤ 0.06%
    4. Nb + V + TI ≤ 0.15%
    5. Pokhapokha ngati mwavomerezana mwanjira ina.
    6. Pokhapokha ngati mwavomerezana mwanjira ina, NB + V = Ti ≤ 0.15%
    7. Kuonjezera B mwadala sikuloledwa ndipo B yotsalayo ≤ 0.001%

    Kapangidwe ka Mankhwala a chitoliro cha PSL 2 chokhala ndi t ≤ 0.984″

    Kalasi yachitsulo

    Gawo la kulemera, % kutengera kutentha ndi kusanthula kwa zinthu

    Kaboni Yofanana ndi a

    C

    b yapamwamba kwambiri

    Si

    kuchuluka

    Mn

    b yapamwamba kwambiri

    P

    kuchuluka

    S

    kuchuluka

    V

    kuchuluka

    Nb

    kuchuluka

    Ti

    kuchuluka

    Zina

    CE IIW

    kuchuluka

    CE Pcm

    kuchuluka

    Chitoliro Chopanda Msoko ndi Chopindika

    BR

    0.24

    0.40

    1.20

    0.025

    0.015

    c

    c

    0.04

    e,l

    .043

    0.25

    X42R

    0.24

    0.40

    1.20

    0.025

    0.015

    0.06

    0.05

    0.04

    e,l

    .043

    0.25

    BN

    0.24

    0.40

    1.20

    0.025

    0.015

    c

    c

    0.04

    e,l

    .043

    0.25

    X42N

    0.24

    0.40

    1.20

    0.025

    0.015

    0.06

    0.05

    0.04

    e,l

    .043

    0.25

    X46N

    0.24

    0.40

    1.40

    0.025

    0.015

    0.07

    0.05

    0.04

    d,e,l

    .043

    0.25

    X52N

    0.24

    0.45

    1.40

    0.025

    0.015

    0.10

    0.05

    0.04

    d,e,l

    .043

    0.25

    X56N

    0.24

    0.45

    1.40

    0.025

    0.015

    0.10f

    0.05

    0.04

    d,e,l

    .043

    0.25

    X60N

    0.24f

    0.45f

    1.40f

    0.025

    0.015

    0.10f

    0.05f

    0.04f

    g,h,l

    Monga momwe anavomerezera

    BQ

    0.18

    0.45

    1.40

    0.025

    0.015

    0.05

    0.05

    0.04

    e,l

    .043

    0.25

    X42Q

    0.18

    0.45

    1.40

    0.025

    0.015

    0.05

    0.05

    0.04

    e,l

    .043

    0.25

    X46Q

    0.18

    0.45

    1.40

    0.025

    0.015

    0.05

    0.05

    0.04

    e,l

    .043

    0.25

    X52Q

    0.18

    0.45

    1.50

    0.025

    0.015

    0.05

    0.05

    0.04

    e,l

    .043

    0.25

    X56Q

    0.18

    0.45f

    1.50

    0.025

    0.015

    0.07

    0.05

    0.04

    e,l

    .043

    0.25

    X60Q

    0.18f

    0.45f

    1.70f

    0.025

    0.015

    g

    g

    g

    h,l

    .043

    0.25

    X65Q

    0.18f

    0.45f

    1.70f

    0.025

    0.015

    g

    g

    g

    h,l

    .043

    0.25

    X70Q

    0.18f

    0.45f

    1.80f

    0.025

    0.015

    g

    g

    g

    h,l

    .043

    0.25

    X80Q

    0.18f

    0.45f

    1.90f

    0.025

    0.015

    g

    g

    g

    ine,j

    Monga momwe anavomerezera

    X90Q

    0.16f

    0.45f

    1.90

    0.020

    0.010

    g

    g

    g

    j,k

    Monga momwe anavomerezera

    X100Q

    0.16f

    0.45f

    1.90

    0.020

    0.010

    g

    g

    g

    j,k

    Monga momwe anavomerezera

    Chitoliro Chopangidwa ndi Welded

    BM

    0.22

    0.45

    1.20

    0.025

    0.015

    0.05

    0.05

    0.04

    e,l

    .043

    0.25

    X42M

    0.22

    0.45

    1.30

    0.025

    0.015

    0.05

    0.05

    0.04

    e,l

    .043

    0.25

    X46M

    0.22

    0.45

    1.30

    0.025

    0.015

    0.05

    0.05

    0.04

    e,l

    .043

    0.25

    X52M

    0.22

    0.45

    1.40

    0.025

    0.015

    d

    d

    d

    e,l

    .043

    0.25

    X56M

    0.22

    0.45f

    1.40

    0.025

    0.015

    d

    d

    d

    e,l

    .043

    0.25

    X60M

    0.12f

    0.45f

    1.60f

    0.025

    0.015

    g

    g

    g

    h,l

    .043

    0.25

    X65M

    0.12f

    0.45f

    1.60f

    0.025

    0.015

    g

    g

    g

    h,l

    .043

    0.25

    X70M

    0.12f

    0.45f

    1.70f

    0.025

    0.015

    g

    g

    g

    h,l

    .043

    0.25

    X80M

    0.12f

    0.45f

    1.85f

    0.025

    0.015

    g

    g

    g

    ine,j

    .043f

    0.25

    X90M

    0.10

    0.55f

    2.10f

    0.020

    0.010

    g

    g

    g

    ine,j

    -

    0.25

    X100M

    0.10

    0.55f

    2.10f

    0.020

    0.010

    g

    g

    g

    ine,j

    -

    0.25
    1. SMLS t>0.787”, malire a CE azikhala monga momwe anavomerezera. Malire a CEIIW amagwiritsidwa ntchito fi C > 0.12% ndipo malire a CEPcm amagwira ntchito ngati C ≤ 0.12%
    2. Pa kuchepetsa kulikonse kwa 0.01% pansi pa kuchuluka kwa kaboni komwe kwatchulidwa, ndi kuwonjezeka kwa 0.05% pamwamba pa kuchuluka kwa kaboni komwe kwatchulidwa kwa Mn ndikololedwa, mpaka kufika pa 1.65% pa magiredi ≥ B, koma ≤ = X52; mpaka kufika pa 1.75% pa magiredi > X52, koma < X70; ndipo mpaka kufika pa 2.00% pa X70.
    3. Pokhapokha ngati mwavomerezana mwanjira ina Nb = V ≤ 0.06%
    4. Nb = V = Ti ≤ 0.15%
    5. Pokhapokha atagwirizana mwanjira ina, Cu ≤ 0.50%; Ni ≤ 0.30% Cr ≤ 0.30% ndi Mo ≤ 0.15%
    6. Pokhapokha ngati mwavomerezana mwanjira ina
    7. Pokhapokha ngati mwavomerezana mwanjira ina, Nb + V + Ti ≤ 0.15%
    8. Pokhapokha ngati atagwirizana, Cu ≤ 0.50% Ni ≤ 0.50% Cr ≤ 0.50% ndi MO ≤ 0.50%
    9. Pokhapokha ngati atagwirizana, Cu ≤ 0.50% Ni ≤ 1.00% Cr ≤ 0.50% ndi MO ≤ 0.50%
    10. B ≤ 0.004%
    11. Pokhapokha ngati atagwirizana, Cu ≤ 0.50% Ni ≤ 1.00% Cr ≤ 0.55% ndi MO ≤ 0.80%
    12. Pa magiredi onse a PSL 2 a mapaipi kupatula magiredi omwe ali ndi mawu apansi panthaka j omwe atchulidwa, zotsatirazi zikugwira ntchito. Pokhapokha ngati mwavomerezana mwanjira ina, palibe kuwonjezera B mwadala komwe kumaloledwa ndipo B yotsala ≤ 0.001%.

    Kulimba ndi Kutulutsa - PSL1 ndi PSL2

    Chitoliro cha Kalasi

    Katundu Wolimba - Thupi la Mapaipi a SMLS ndi Mapaipi Osefedwa PSL 1

    Msoko wa Chitoliro Chosenda

    Mphamvu Yopereka

    Rt0,5PSI Min

    Mphamvu Yokoka a

    Rm PSI Min

    Kutalikitsa

    (mu 2in Af % min)

    Mphamvu Yolimba b

    Rm PSI Min

    A

    30,500

    48,600

    c

    48,600

    B

    35,500

    60,200

    c

    60,200

    X42

    42,100

    60,200

    c

    60,200

    X46

    46,400

    63,100

    c

    63,100

    X52

    52,200

    66,700

    c

    66,700

    X56

    56,600

    71,100

    c

    71,100

    X60

    60,200

    75,400

    c

    75,400

    X65

    65,300

    77,500

    c

    77,500

    X70

    70,300

    82,700

    c

    82,700
    a. Pa giredi yapakati, kusiyana pakati pa mphamvu yocheperako yokhazikika ndi phindu locheperako lokhazikika la chitolirocho liyenera kukhala monga momwe laperekedwera giredi yotsatira yapamwamba.

    b. Pa magiredi apakati, mphamvu yocheperako yokhazikika ya msoko wowotcherera iyenera kukhala yofanana ndi yomwe yatsimikizika pa thupi pogwiritsa ntchito chizindikiro cha phazi a.

    c. Kutalika kochepa komwe kwatchulidwa, Af, Ngati yafotokozedwa mu peresenti ndipo yazunguliridwa kufika pa peresenti yapafupi, idzadziwika pogwiritsa ntchito equation yotsatirayi:

    Pamene C ndi 1 940 powerengera pogwiritsa ntchito mayunitsi a Si ndi 625 000 powerengera pogwiritsa ntchito mayunitsi a USC

    Axcndi yoyenera Malo oyesera omangika, ofotokozedwa mu mamilimita apakati (mainchesi apakati), motere

    - Pa zidutswa zoyeserera zozungulira, 130mm2 (0.20 inchi2) pa zidutswa zoyesera za 12.7 mm (0.500 in) ndi 8.9 mm (.350 in) m'mimba mwake; ndi 65 mm2(0.10 inchi2) pa zidutswa zoyesera za 6.4 mm (0.250in) m'mimba mwake.

    - Pa zidutswa zoyesera zonse, zochepera a) 485 mm2(0.75 inchi2) ndi b) dera lopingasa la chidutswa choyesera, chochokera pogwiritsa ntchito m'mimba mwake wakunja womwe watchulidwa ndi makulidwe a khoma la chitoliro, chozunguliridwa kufika pa 10 mm yapafupi2(0.10in2)

    - Pa zidutswa zoyesera za mzere, zochepera a) 485 mm2(0.75 inchi2) ndi b) malo opingasa a chidutswa choyesera, chochokera pogwiritsa ntchito m'lifupi mwa chidutswa choyesera ndi makulidwe a khoma la chitoliro, chozunguliridwa kufika pa 10 mm pafupi2(0.10in2)

    U ndiye mphamvu yocheperako yokhazikika, yomwe imafotokozedwa mu megapascals (mapaundi pa inchi imodzi)

    Chitoliro cha Kalasi

    Katundu Wolimba - Thupi la Mapaipi a SMLS ndi Mapaipi Osefedwa PSL 2

    Msoko wa Chitoliro Chosenda

    Mphamvu Yopereka

    Rt0,5PSI Min

    Mphamvu Yokoka a

    Rm PSI Min

    Chiŵerengero a,c

    R10,5IRm

    Kutalikitsa

    (mu mainchesi awiri)

    Af %

    Mphamvu Yokoka d

    Rm(psi)

    Zochepera

    Pazipita

    Zochepera

    Pazipita

    Pazipita

    Zochepera

    Zochepera
    BR, BN, BQ, BM

    35,500

    65,300

    60,200

    95,000

    0.93

    f

    60,200
    X42,X42R,X2Q,X42M

    42,100

    71,800

    60,200

    95,000

    0.93

    f

    60,200
    X46N,X46Q,X46M

    46,400

    76,100

    63,100

    95,000

    0.93

    f

    63,100
    X52N,X52Q,X52M

    52,200

    76,900

    66,700

    110,200

    0.93

    f

    66,700
    X56N,X56Q,X56M

    56,600

    79,000

    71,100

    110,200

    0.93

    f

    71,100
    X60N,X60Q,S60M

    60,200

    81,900

    75,400

    110,200

    0.93

    f

    75,400
    X65Q,X65M

    65,300

    87,000

    77,600

    110,200

    0.93

    f

    76,600
    X70Q,X65M

    70,300

    92,100

    82,700

    110,200

    0.93

    f

    82,700
    X80Q,X80M

    80,.500

    102,300

    90,600

    119,700

    0.93

    f

    90,600
    a. Kuti mudziwe za giredi yapakati, onani zonse zomwe API5L imafotokoza.

    b. pa magiredi > X90 onani zonse zomwe API5L imafotokoza.

    c. Malire awa amagwira ntchito pa ma pie okhala ndi D> 12.750 inchi

    d. Pa magiredi apakati, mphamvu yocheperako yomangika yomwe yatchulidwa ya msoko wothira weld iyenera kukhala yofanana ndi yomwe idatsimikiziridwa pa thupi la chitoliro pogwiritsa ntchito phazi a.

    e. Pa chitoliro chomwe chimafuna mayeso a nthawi yayitali, mphamvu yayikulu yopezera mphamvu iyenera kukhala ≤ 71,800 psi

    f. Kutalika kochepa komwe kwatchulidwa, Af, Ngati yafotokozedwa mu peresenti ndipo yazunguliridwa kufika pa peresenti yapafupi, idzadziwika pogwiritsa ntchito equation yotsatirayi:

    Pamene C ndi 1 940 powerengera pogwiritsa ntchito mayunitsi a Si ndi 625 000 powerengera pogwiritsa ntchito mayunitsi a USC

    Axcndi yoyenera Malo oyesera omangika, ofotokozedwa mu mamilimita apakati (mainchesi apakati), motere

    - Pa zidutswa zoyeserera zozungulira, 130mm2 (0.20 inchi2) pa zidutswa zoyesera za 12.7 mm (0.500 in) ndi 8.9 mm (.350 in) m'mimba mwake; ndi 65 mm2(0.10 inchi2) pa zidutswa zoyesera za 6.4 mm (0.250in) m'mimba mwake.

    - Pa zidutswa zoyesera zonse, zochepera a) 485 mm2(0.75 inchi2) ndi b) dera lopingasa la chidutswa choyesera, chochokera pogwiritsa ntchito m'mimba mwake wakunja womwe watchulidwa ndi makulidwe a khoma la chitoliro, chozunguliridwa kufika pa 10 mm yapafupi2(0.10in2)

    - Pa zidutswa zoyesera za mzere, zochepera a) 485 mm2(0.75 inchi2) ndi b) malo opingasa a chidutswa choyesera, chochokera pogwiritsa ntchito m'lifupi mwa chidutswa choyesera ndi makulidwe a khoma la chitoliro, chozunguliridwa kufika pa 10 mm pafupi2(0.10in2)

    U ndiye mphamvu yocheperako yokhazikika, yomwe imafotokozedwa mu megapascals (mapaundi pa inchi imodzi

    g. Mitengo yotsika ya R10,5IRm zitha kufotokozedwa mwa mgwirizano

    h. pa magiredi > x90 onani zonse zomwe API5L imafotokoza.

    Mayeso a Hydrostatic

    Chitoliro cholimba kuti chipirire mayeso a hydrostatic popanda kutuluka kudzera mu msoko wa weld kapena thupi la chitoliro. Zolumikizira siziyenera kuyesedwa hydrostatic pokhapokha ngati zigawo za chitoliro zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito zayesedwa bwino.

    Mayeso Opindika

    Palibe ming'alu yomwe idzachitike m'gawo lililonse la chidutswa choyesera ndipo palibe kutseguka kwa weld komwe kudzachitike.

    Mayeso Ophwanyika

    Njira zovomerezeka zoyesera kuthyola ziyenera kukhala
    a)Mapaipi a EW D <12.750 inchi
    -≥ X60 yokhala ndi T≥0.500in, sipadzakhala kutseguka kwa weld mtunda pakati pa mbale usanakwane 66% ya m'mimba mwake woyambirira wakunja. Pa mitundu yonse ndi khoma, 50%.
    -Pa chitoliro chokhala ndi D/t > 10, sipadzakhala kutseguka kwa weld mtunda pakati pa mbale usanakwane 30% ya m'mimba mwake woyambirira wakunja.
    b) Kuti mudziwe kukula kwina, onani zonse zomwe API5L imafotokoza.

    Mayeso a CVN a PSL2

    Mapaipi ambiri a PSL2 ndi magiredi amafunika CVN. Mapaipi opanda msoko ayenera kuyesedwa m'thupi. Mapaipi olumikizidwa ayenera kuyesedwa m'thupi, m'mapaipi olumikizidwa ndi kutentha (HAZ). Onani tsatanetsatane wa API5L wa tchati cha kukula ndi magiredi ndi mphamvu zomwe zimafunika.

    Kulekerera Kunja M'mimba mwake, Kutali ndi kuzungulira ndi makulidwe a khoma

    Chidutswa chakunja cha D (mkati)

    Kulekerera kwa m'mimba mwake, mainchesi d

    Kulekerera Kosazungulira mu

    Chitoliro kupatula kumapeto a

    Mapeto a chitoliro a,b,c

    Chitoliro kupatula Mapeto a

    Mapeto a chitoliro a,b,c

    Chitoliro cha SMLS

    Chitoliro Chopangidwa ndi Welded

    Chitoliro cha SMLS

    Chitoliro Chopangidwa ndi Welded

    < 2.375

    -0.031 mpaka + 0.016

    - 0.031 mpaka + 0.016

    0.048

    0.036

    ≥2.375 mpaka 6.625

    +/- 0.0075D

    		 - 0.016 mpaka + 0.063

    0.020D ya

    Mwa mgwirizano wa

    0.015D ya

    Mwa mgwirizano wa

    >6.625 mpaka 24.000

    +/- 0.0075D

    +/- 0.0075D, koma osapitirira 0.125

    +/- 0.005D, koma osapitirira 0.063

    0.020D

    0.015D

    >24 mpaka 56

    +/- 0.01D

    +/- 0.005D koma osapitirira 0.160

    +/- 0.079

    +/- 0.063

    0.015D koma osapitirira 0.060

    Kwa

    Mwa mgwirizano

    chifukwa cha

    0.01D koma osapitirira 0.500

    Kwa

    Mwa mgwirizano

    chifukwa cha
    >56 Monga momwe anavomerezera
    1. Mapeto a chitoliro ali ndi kutalika kwa mainchesi 4.5 mbali iliyonse ya chitolirocho
    2. Pa chitoliro cha SMLS, kulekerera kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pa t≤0.984in ndipo kulekerera kwa chitoliro chokhuthala kuyenera kukhala monga momwe zavomerezedwera.
    3. Pa chitoliro chofutukuka chokhala ndi D≥8.625in komanso chitoliro chosafutukuka, kulekerera kwa m'mimba mwake ndi kulekerera kwakunja kwa kuzungulira zitha kudziwika pogwiritsa ntchito m'mimba mwake wowerengedwa kapena woyesedwa m'mimba mwake m'malo mwa OD yotchulidwa.
    4. Pofuna kudziwa momwe chitolirocho chikugwirizanirana ndi kulekerera kwa m'mimba mwake, m'mimba mwake wa chitolirocho umatanthauzidwa ngati kuzungulira kwa chitolirocho m'gawo lililonse lozungulira ndi Pi.

    Kukhuthala kwa khoma

    mainchesi t

    Kulekerera a

    mainchesi

    Chitoliro cha SMLS b

    ≤ 0.157

    + 0.024 / – 0.020

    > 0.157 mpaka < 0.948

    + 0.150t / – 0.125t

    ≥ 0.984

    + 0.146 kapena + 0.1t, iliyonse yomwe ndi yayikulu

    - 0.120 kapena – 0.1t, iliyonse yomwe ndi yayikulu

    Chitoliro cholumikizidwa c,d

    ≤ 0.197

    +/- 0.020
    > 0.197 mpaka < 0.591

    +/- 0.1t

    ≥ 0.591

    +/- 0.060
    1. Ngati dongosolo logulira likunena za kulekerera kwa minus kwa makulidwe a khoma komwe kuli kochepa kuposa mtengo woyenera womwe waperekedwa mu tebulo ili, kulekerera kwa kuphatikiza kwa makulidwe a khoma kudzawonjezeka ndi kuchuluka kokwanira kuti pakhale kusiyana koyenera kwa kulekerera.
    2. Pa chitoliro chokhala ndi D≥ 14.000 in ndi t≥0.984in, kulekerera makulidwe a khoma komweko kungapitirire kulekerera kwa makulidwe a khoma ndi 0.05t yowonjezera malinga ngati kulekerera kwa makulidwe sikupitirire.
    3. Kulekerera kwabwino kwa makulidwe a khoma sikugwira ntchito pamalo olumikizirana
    4. Onani zonse za API5L kuti mudziwe zambiri
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