Mapasi owoneka bwino a kaboni pazipilala zamadzi pansi panthaka
Maukonde pansi pamadzi ndi gawo lofunikira pazinthu zilizonse za mzinda kapena tawuni. Imakhala ndi mphamvu yoperekera madzi oyera komanso otetezeka kunyumba, mabizinesi ndi mabungwe ena. Popanda ma shemboni odalirika, mwayi wokhala ndi madzi oyera azikhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu, zomwe zingawononge moyo wathanzi ndi tsiku ndi tsiku. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kuonetsetsa kuti zinthu zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mapaipi awa ndizambiri komanso zotheka kukwaniritsa zofunikira zoyendera pansi pamadzi.
Diameter yakunja (D) | Khoma lonenedwa mu mm | Kuyeserera kocheperako (MPA) | ||||||||||
Kalasi yachitsulo | ||||||||||||
in | mm | L210 (a) | L245 (b) | L290 (x42) | L320 (x46) | L360 (x52) | L390 (x56) | L415 (x60) | L450 (x65) | L485 (x70) | L555 (x80) | |
8-5 / 8 | 219.1 | 5.0 | 5.8 | 6.7 | 9.9 | 11.0 | 12.3 | 13. | 14.2 | 159.4 | 16.6 | 19.0 |
7.0 | 8.1 | 9.4 | 13. | 15.3 | 17.3 | 18.7 | 19.9 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | ||
10.0 | 11.5 | 13. | 19.9 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | ||
9-5 / 8 | 244.5 | 5.0 | 5.2 | 6.0 | 10.1 | 11.1 | 120.5 | 13. | 14.4 | 15.6 | 16. | 19.3 |
7.0 | 7.2 | 8.4 | 14.1 | 15.6 | 17.5 | 19.0 | 20.2 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | ||
10.0 | 10.3 | 12.0 | 20.2 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | ||
10-3 / 4 | 273.1 | 5.0 | 4.6 | 5.4 | 9.0 | 10.1 | 11.2 | 12.1 | 12. | 14.0 | 15.1 | 17.3 |
7.0 | 6.5 | 7.5 | 12.6 | 13. | 159.7 | 17.0 | 18.1 | 19.6 | 20.7 | 20.7 | ||
10.0 | 9.2 | 10.8 | 18.1 | 19.9 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | ||
12-3 / 4 | 323.9.9 | 5.0 | 3.9 | 4.5 | 7.6 | 8.4 | 9.4 | 10.2 | 10.9 | 11.8 | 120. | 14.6 |
7.0 | 5.5 | 6.5 | 10.7 | 11.8 | 13.2 | 14.3 | 15.2 | 16.5 | 17.8 | 20.4 | ||
10.0 | 7.8 | 9.1 | 15.2 | 16.. 16.8 | 18.9 | 20.5 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | ||
(325.0) | 5.0 | 3.9 | 4.5 | 7.6 | 8.4 | 9.4 | 10.2 | 10.9 | 11.8 | 120. | 14.5 | |
7.0 | 5.4 | 6.3 | 10.6 | 11.7 | 13.2 | 14.3 | 15.2 | 16.5 | 17.8 | 20.3 | ||
10.0 | 7.8 | 9.0 | 15.2 | 16.7 | 18.8 | 20.4 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | ||
13-3 / 8 | 339.7 | 5.0 | 3.7 | 4.3 | 7.3 | 8.0 | 9.0 | 9. | 10.4 | 11.3 | 12.1 | 13. |
8.0 | 5.9 | 6.9 | 11.6 | 12.8 | 14.4 | 15.6 | 16.6 | 18.0 | 19.4 | 20.7 | ||
12.0 | 8.9 | 10.4 | 17.4 | 19.2 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | ||
14 | 355.6.6 | 6.0 | 4.3 | 5.0 | 8.3 | 9.2 | 10.3 | 11.2 | 11.9 | 12. | 13. | 159.9 |
8.0 | 5.7 | 6.6 | 11.1 | 12. | 13.8 | 14.9 | 159.9 | 17.2 | 18.6 | 20.7 | ||
12.0 | 8.5 | 9.9 | 16.6 | 18.4 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | ||
377.0) | 6.0 | 4.0 | 4.7 | 7.8 | 8.6 | 6.7 | 10.6 | 11.2 | 12. | 13.1 | 15.0 | |
8.0 | 5.3 | 6.2 | 10.5 | 11.5 | 13.0 | 14.1 | 15.0 | 16.2 | 17.5 | 20.0 | ||
12.0 | 8.0 | 9.4 | 159.7 | 17.3 | 19.5 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | ||
16 | 406.4 | 6.0 | 3.7 | 4.3 | 7.3 | 8.0 | 9.0 | 9. | 10.4 | 11.3 | 12. | 13. |
8.0 | 5.0 | 5.8 | 6.7 | 10.7 | 12.0 | 13.1 | 13. | 15.1 | 16.2 | 18.6 | ||
12.0 | 7.4 | 8.7 | 14.6 | 16.1 | 18.1 | 19.6 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | ||
(426.0) | 6.0 | 3.5 | 4.1 | 6.9 | 7.7 | 8.6 | 9...3 | 9.9 | 10.8 | 11.6 | 13.3 | |
8.0 | 4.7 | 5.5 | 9...3 | 10.2 | 11.5 | 120.5 | 13.2 | 14.4 | 15.5 | 17.7 | ||
12.0 | 7.1 | 8.3 | 13. | 15.3 | 17.2 | 18.7 | 19.9 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | ||
18 | 457.0 | 6.0 | 3.3 | 3.9 | 6.5 | 7.1 | 8.0 | 8.7 | 9...3 | 10.0 | 10.8 | 12. |
8.0 | 4.4 | 5.1 | 8.6 | 9.. 9.5 | 10.7 | 11.6 | 12. | 13. | 14.4 | 16.5 | ||
12.0 | 6.6 | 7.7 | 12. | 14.3 | 16.1 | 17.4 | 18.5 | 20.1 | 20.7 | 20.7 | ||
20 | 508.0 | 6.0 | 3.0 | 3.5 | 6.2 | 6.8 | 7.7 | 8.3 | 8.8 | 9. | 10.3 | 11.8 |
8.0 | 4.0 | 4.6 | 8.2 | 9.1 | 10.2 | 11.1 | 11.8 | 12.8 | 13. | 159.7 | ||
12.0 | 6.0 | 6.9 | 12.3 | 13. | 15.3 | 16.6 | 17.6 | 19.1 | 20.6 | 20.7 | ||
16.0 | 7.9 | 9...3 | 16.4 | 18.1 | 20.4 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | ||
(529.0) | 6.0 | 2.9 | 3.3 | 5.9 | 6.5 | 7.3 | 8.0 | 8.5 | 9.2 | 9.9 | 11.3 | |
9.0 | 4.3 | 5.0 | 8.9 | 9. | 11.0 | 11.9 | 120. | 13.8 | 14.9 | 17.0 | ||
12.0 | 5.7 | 6.7 | 11.8 | 13.1 | 14.7 | 159.9 | 16. | 18.4 | 19.8 | 20.7 | ||
14.0 | 6.7 | 7.8 | 13.8 | 15.2 | 17.1 | 18.6 | 19.8 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | ||
16.0 | 7.6 | 8.9 | 15.8 | 17.4 | 19.6 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | ||
22 | 559.0 | 6.0 | 2.7 | 3.2 | 5.6 | 6.2 | 7.0 | 7.5 | 8.0 | 8.7 | 9.4 | 10.7 |
9.0 | 4.1 | 4.7 | 8.4 | 9...3 | 10.4 | 11.3 | 12.0 | 13.0 | 14.1 | 16.1 | ||
12.0 | 5.4 | 6.3 | 11.2 | 12. | 13. | 15.1 | 16.0 | 17.4 | 18.7 | 20.7 | ||
14.0 | 6.3 | 7.4 | 13.1 | 14.4 | 16.2 | 17.6 | 18.7 | 20.3 | 20.7 | 20.7 | ||
19.1 | 8.6 | 10.0 | 17.8 | 19.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | ||
22.2 | 10.0 | 11.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | ||
24 | 610.0 | 6.0 | 2.5 | 2.9 | 5.1 | 5.7 | 6.4 | 6.9 | 7.3 | 8.0 | 8.6 | 9. |
9.0 | 3.7 | 4.3 | 7.7 | 8.5 | 9. | 10.4 | 11.0 | 12.0 | 12. | 14.7 | ||
12.0 | 5.0 | 5.8 | 10.3 | 11.3 | 120. | 13.8 | 14.7 | 159.9 | 17.2 | 19.7 | ||
14.0 | 5.8 | 6.8 | 12.0 | 13.2 | 14.9 | 16.1 | 17.1 | 18.6 | 20.0 | 20.7 | ||
19.1 | 7.9 | 9.1 | 16.3 | 17. | 20.2 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | ||
25.4 | 10.5 | 12.0 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | ||
(630.0) | 6.0 | 2.4 | 2.8 | 5.0 | 5.5 | 6.2 | 6.7 | 7.1 | 7.7 | 8.3 | 9.. 9.5 | |
9.0 | 3.6 | 4.2 | 7.5 | 8.2 | 9...3 | 10.0 | 10.7 | 11.6 | 120.5 | 14.3 | ||
12.0 | 4.8 | 5.6 | 9.9 | 11.0 | 12.3 | 13. | 14.2 | 159.4 | 16.6 | 19.0 | ||
16.0 | 6.4 | 7.5 | 13.3 | 14.6 | 16.5 | 17.8 | 19.0 | 20.6 | 20.7 | 20.7 | ||
19.1 | 7.6 | 8.9 | 15.8 | 17.5 | 19.6 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | ||
25.4 | 10.2 | 11.9 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.7 |
Chitoliro chowala ndi kaboni pang'ono, monga S235 JR ndiX70 SSAW Mzere chitoliro, ndi chisankho chodziwika bwino m'mipanda yamadzi pansi panthaka chifukwa cha kulimba kwake bwino komanso kukana kuwonongeka. Mapaipi amapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mawu owoneka bwino, kuonetsetsa kulimba komanso kapangidwe kake ka zinthu zina zolimbana ndi zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zimagwirizana ndi zoyendera pansi pamadzi. Kuphatikiza apo, mapaipi awa amapangidwa kuti azitsulo zapamwamba kwambiri za mpweya wabwino kwambiri komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali, ndikupangitsa kuti akhale chisankho chodalirika kwa njira zazitali zogawitsira madzi nthawi yayitali.
Chimodzi mwazopindulitsaMapasi owoneka ngati chitsuloPazoyenda pamadzi pansi ndi kukana kwake. Mapaipi apansi nthawi zonse amadziwika ndi chinyezi komanso zinthu zina zachilengedwe, zomwe zingayambitse zinthu zachikhalidwe ngati konkriti kapena pvc mpaka dzimbiri ndikuwonongeka. Komabe, mapaipi achinyengo a carbon amalimbana kwambiri ndi kutukuka, kuwonetsetsa kuti asungabe umphumphu ngakhale atafika nthawi yayitali. Kutsutsana kumeneku kumachepetsa kufunika kokonza ndi kubwezeretsa, kumabweretsa ndalama zowononga madzi.
Kuphatikiza apo, mphamvu ndi zokhazikika za sporded omen carbon chitsulo chachitsulo chimapangitsa kuti ikhale yabwino kuyika pansi panthaka. Mapaipi awa amatha kupirira zovuta zakunja ndi dothi komanso zinthu zina zobisika, kuonetsetsa kuti amakhala osagwirizana komanso amagwira ntchito pa moyo wawo wonse. Kuphatikiza apo, kapangidwe kake mkati mwake kumachepetsa chiopsezo cha zotchinga kapena kutayikira, kuwonjezera kudalirika komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mayendedwe apansi pamadzi.
Powombetsa mkota,Mapaipi apansi panthakandi gawo lofunikira pakuyika kwamakono, ndipo kusankha zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mapaipi awa ndikofunikira pakuchita kwawo komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali. Chitoliro chowoneka bwino kaboni kaboni, monga S235 JR ndi X70 Ssaw chitoliro, chimapereka maubwino ambiri a mayendedwe apansi pamadzi, kuphatikizapo kukhazikika kopambana, kutunkha kwakukulu ndi mphamvu zazikulu. Mwa kugwiritsa ntchito mapaipi apamwamba kwambiri, makina amadzi amatha kuwonetsetsa madzi odalirika, omwe amapezeka m'madzi amderalo akamachepetsa kufunika kokonza ndi kukonza.