Kumvetsetsa Kufunika kwa Njira Zoyenera Zowotcherera Mapaipi Pa Chitoliro Chachitsulo Chozungulira Chomwe Chimagwiritsidwa Ntchito Pamizere Yamadzi Apansi Panthaka
Mapaipi achitsulo chozunguliraamagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mapaipi a pansi pa nthaka chifukwa cha mphamvu zawo zambiri komanso kuthekera kwawo kupirira kupsinjika kwakunja. Mapaipiwa amapangidwa kuchokera ku zingwe zachitsulo zozungulira zomwe zimapanga mawonekedwe ozungulira. Njira yolumikizira yozungulira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mapaipi awa imapereka mawonekedwe abwino kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti akhale abwino kwambiri kugwiritsidwa ntchito pansi pa nthaka.
| M'mimba mwake wakunja mwadzina | Makulidwe a Khoma Odziyimira Payekha (mm) | ||||||||||||||
| mm Mu | 6.0 | 7.0 | 8.0 | 9.0 | 10.0 | 11.0 | 12.0 | 13.0 | 14.0 | 15.0 | 16.0 | 18.0 | 20.0 | 22.0 | |
| Kulemera Pa Utali wa Unit (kg/m2) | |||||||||||||||
| 219.1 | 8-5/8 | 31.53 | 36.61 | 41.65 | |||||||||||
| 273.1 | 10-3/4 | 39.52 | 45.94 | 52.30 | |||||||||||
| 323.9 | 12-3/4 | 47.04 | 54.71 | 62.32 | 69.89 | 77.41 | |||||||||
| (325) | 47.20 | 54.90 | 62.54 | 70.14 | 77.68 | ||||||||||
| 355.6 | 14 | 51.73 | 60.18 | 68.58 | 76.93 | 85.23 | |||||||||
| (377.0) | 54.89 | 63.87 | 72.80 | 81.67 | 90.50 | ||||||||||
| 406.4 | 16 | 59.25 | 68.95 | 78.60 | 88.20 | 97.76 | 107.26 | 116.72 | |||||||
| (426.0) | 62.14 | 72.33 | 82.46 | 92.55 | 102.59 | 112.58 | 122.51 | ||||||||
| 457 | 18 | 66.73 | 77.68 | 88.58 | 99.44 | 110.24 | 120.99 | 131.69 | |||||||
| (478.0) | 69.84 | 81.30 | 92.72 | 104.09 | 115.41 | 126.69 | 137.90 | ||||||||
| 508.0 | 20 | 74.28 | 86.49 | 98.65 | 110.75 | 122.81 | 134.82 | 146.79 | 158.69 | 170.56 | |||||
| (529.0) | 77.38 | 90.11 | 102.78 | 115.40 | 127.99 | 140.52 | 152.99 | 165.43 | 177.80 | ||||||
| 559.0 | 22 | 81.82 | 95.29 | 108.70 | 122.07 | 135.38 | 148.65 | 161.88 | 175.04 | 188.17 | |||||
| 610.0 | 24 | 89.37 | 104.10 | 118.77 | 133.39 | 147.97 | 162.48 | 176.97 | 191.40 | 205.78 | |||||
| (630.0) | 92.33 | 107.54 | 122.71 | 137.83 | 152.90 | 167.92 | 182.89 | 197.81 | 212.68 | ||||||
| 660.0 | 26 | 96.77 | 112.73 | 128.63 | 144.48 | 160.30 | 176.05 | 191.77 | 207.43 | 223.04 | |||||
| 711.0 | 28 | 104.32 | 121.53 | 138.70 | 155.81 | 172.88 | 189.89 | 206.86 | 223.78 | 240.65 | 257.47 | 274.24 | |||
| (720.0) | 105.65 | 123.09 | 140.47 | 157.81 | 175.10 | 192.34 | 209.52 | 226.66 | 243.75 | 260.80 | 277.79 | ||||
| 762.0 | 30 | 111.86 | 130.34 | 148.76 | 167.13 | 185.45 | 203.73 | 211.95 | 240.13 | 258.26 | 276.33 | 294.36 | |||
| 813.0 | 32 | 119.41 | 139.14 | 158.82 | 178.45 | 198.03 | 217.56 | 237.05 | 256.48 | 275.86 | 295.20 | 314.48 | |||
| (820.0) | 120.45 | 140.35 | 160.20 | 180.00 | 199.76 | 219.46 | 239.12 | 258.72 | 278.28 | 297.79 | 317.25 | ||||
| 864.0 | 34 | 147.94 | 168.88 | 189.77 | 210.61 | 231.40 | 252.14 | 272.83 | 293.47 | 314.06 | 334.61 | ||||
| 914.0 | 36 | 178.75 | 200.87 | 222.94 | 244.96 | 266.94 | 288.86 | 310.73 | 332.56 | 354.34 | |||||
| (920.0) | 179.93 | 202.20 | 224.42 | 246.59 | 286.70 | 290.78 | 312.79 | 334.78 | 356.68 | ||||||
| 965.0 | 38 | 188.81 | 212.19 | 235.52 | 258.80 | 282.03 | 305.21 | 328.34 | 351.43 | 374.46 | |||||
| 1016.0 | 40 | 198.87 | 223.51 | 248.09 | 272.63 | 297.12 | 321.56 | 345.95 | 370.29 | 394.58 | 443.02 | ||||
| (1020.0) | 199.66 | 224.39 | 249.08 | 273.72 | 298.31 | 322.84 | 347.33 | 371.77 | 396.16 | 444.77 | |||||
| 1067.0 | 42 | 208.93 | 234.83 | 260.67 | 286.47 | 312.21 | 337.91 | 363.56 | 389.16 | 414.71 | 465.66 | ||||
| 118.0 | 44 | 218.99 | 246.15 | 273.25 | 300.30 | 327.31 | 354.26 | 381.17 | 408.02 | 343.83 | 488.30 | ||||
| 1168.0 | 46 | 228.86 | 257.24 | 285.58 | 313.87 | 342.10 | 370.29 | 398.43 | 426.52 | 454.56 | 510.49 | ||||
| 1219.0 | 48 | 238.92 | 268.56 | 298.16 | 327.70 | 357.20 | 386.64 | 416.04 | 445.39 | 474.68 | 553.13 | ||||
| (1220.0) | 239.12 | 268.78 | 198.40 | 327.97 | 357.49 | 386.96 | 146.38 | 445.76 | 475.08 | 533.58 | |||||
| 1321.0 | 52 | 291.20 | 323.31 | 327.97 | 387.38 | 449.34 | 451.26 | 483.12 | 514.93 | 578.41 | |||||
| (1420.0) | 347.72 | 355.37 | 416.66 | 451.08 | 485.41 | 519.74 | 553.96 | 622.32 | 690.52 | ||||||
| 1422.0 | 56 | 348.22 | 382.23 | 417.27 | 451.72 | 486.13 | 520.48 | 554.97 | 623.25 | 691.51 | 759.58 | ||||
| 1524.0 | 60 | 373.38 | 410.44 | 447.46 | 484.43 | 521.34 | 558.21 | 595.03 | 688.52 | 741.82 | 814.91 | ||||
| (1620.0) | 397.03 | 436.48 | 457.84 | 515.20 | 554.46 | 593.73 | 623.87 | 711.11 | 789.12 | 867.00 | |||||
| 1626.0 | 64 | 398.53 | 438.11 | 477.64 | 517.13 | 556.56 | 595.95 | 635.28 | 713.80 | 792.13 | 870.26 | ||||
| 1727.0 | 68 | 423.44 | 465.51 | 507.53 | 549.51 | 591.43 | 633.31 | 675.13 | 758.64 | 841.94 | 925.05 | ||||
| (1820.0) | 446.37 | 492.74 | 535.06 | 579.32 | 623.50 | 667.71 | 711.79 | 799.92 | 887.81 | 975.51 | |||||
| 1829.0 | 72 | 493.18 | 626.65 | 671.04 | 714.20 | 803.92 | 890.77 | 980.39 | |||||||
| 1930.0 | 76 | 661.52 | 708.40 | 755.23 | 848.75 | 942.07 | 1035.19 | ||||||||
| (2020.0) | 692.60 | 741.69 | 790.75 | 888.70 | 986.41 | 1084.02 | |||||||||
| 2032.0 | 80 | 696.74 | 746.13 | 795.48 | 894.03 | 992.38 | 1090.53 | ||||||||
| (2220.0) | 761.65 | 815.68 | 869.66 | 977.50 | 1085.80 | 1192.53 | |||||||||
| (2420.0) | 948.58 | 1066.26 | 1183.75 | 1301.04 | |||||||||||
| (2540.0) | 100 | 995.93 | 1119.53 | 1242.94 | 1366.15 | ||||||||||
| (2845.0) | 112 | 1116.28 | 1254.93 | 1393.37 | 1531.63 | ||||||||||
Zindikirani:
1. Palinso mapaipi achitsulo okhala ndi mainchesi akunja ndi makulidwe a khoma pakati pa kukula kwawo koyandikana komwe kwalembedwa patebulo, koma pangano liyenera kusainidwa.
2. Ma dayamita akunja omwe ali m'mabulaketi patebulo ndi ma dayamita osungidwa.
Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito chitsulo chozunguliramapaipi a mitsinje ya madzi pansi pa nthakaNdi njira zoyenera zowotcherera. Kuwotcherera ndi njira yolumikizira zigawo ziwiri zachitsulo poika kutentha ndi kupanikizika. Pa mapaipi amadzi apansi panthaka, ubwino wa kuwotcherera umakhudza mwachindunji umphumphu wonse ndi kudalirika kwa mapaipi.
Zoyeneranjira zowotcherera mapaipiPa chitoliro chachitsulo chozungulira pamafunika njira zingapo zofunika. Choyamba, pamwamba pa chitoliro chomwe chikulumikizidwacho payenera kukhala koyera komanso kopanda zodetsa zilizonse monga dothi, mafuta, kapena utoto. Izi zimatsimikizira kuti chitolirocho chili cholimba komanso chopanda zodetsa zomwe zingawononge mphamvu yake.
Kenako, magawo a kuwotcherera monga kutentha, liwiro la kuwotcherera, ndi njira ziyenera kulamulidwa mosamala kuti zitheke kulumikiza bwino kwambiri. Kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo ndi njira zoyenera zowotcherera ndikofunikira kwambiri popewa zolakwika monga kubowola, ming'alu, kapena kusowa kwa kusakanikirana, zomwe zingasokoneze umphumphu wa chowotcherera.
Kuphatikiza apo, njira zoyenera zotenthetsera ndi njira zotenthetsera pambuyo pa weld ndizofunikira kwambiri pa chitoliro chachitsulo chozungulira chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'madzi apansi panthaka. Kutenthetsera kumathandiza kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha ming'alu ndikuwongolera ubwino wonse wa weld, pomwe chithandizo cha kutentha pambuyo pa weld chimachepetsa kupsinjika kotsala ndikutsimikizira kapangidwe kake kofanana m'dera lonse la weld.
Kuphatikiza apo, kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wapamwamba wowotcherera monga njira zowotcherera zokha komanso kuyesa kosawononga kungathandize kwambiri kupititsa patsogolo ubwino ndi kudalirika kwa kuwotcherera. Maukadaulo awa amathandiza kuonetsetsa kuti zolumikizira zowotcherera zikukwaniritsa mphamvu ndi miyezo yofunikira kuti pakhale mtendere wamumtima pakugwira ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali kwa mizere ya pansi pa nthaka.
Mwachidule, njira zoyenera zowotcherera mapaipi ndizofunikira kwambiri kuti chitoliro chachitsulo chozungulira chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mizere ya pansi pa nthaka chikhale cholimba komanso chokhalitsa. Potsatira njira zofunikira zowotcherera, njira ndi njira zowongolera khalidwe, chiopsezo cha zolakwika ndi kulephera kwa kuwotcherera chingachepe kwambiri. Zotsatira zake ndi mzere wodalirika komanso wolimba wa pansi pa nthaka womwe ungapirire mayeso a nthawi ndikupereka ntchito zotumizira madzi zotetezeka komanso zogwira mtima. Pamizere ya pansi pa nthaka, kuyika ndalama mu pulogalamu yoyenera yowotcherera ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri pakutsimikizira kudalirika konse ndi kutalika kwa payipi.







